Screen Time

Research

Children and the Online Classroom

The Pandemic of Myopia” and “The Difficulty With Attention, Sleep and Memory”
  1. Wang J, Li Y, Musch DC, Wei N, Qi X, Ding G, Li X, Li J, Song L, Zhang Y, Ning Y, Zeng X, Hua N, Li S, Qian X. Progression of Myopia in School-Aged Children After COVID-19 Home Confinement. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021 Jan 14:e206239. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.6239. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33443542; PMCID: PMC7809617
  2. Alvarez-Peregrina C, Sánchez-Tena MÁ, Martinez-Perez C, Villa-Collar C. The Relationship Between Screen and Outdoor Time With Rates of Myopia in Spanish Children. Front Public Health. 2020 Oct 14;8:560378. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.560378. PMID: 33178659; PMCID: PMC7592393.
  3. Pellegrini M, Bernabei F, Scorcia V, Giannaccare G. May home confinement during the COVID-19 outbreak worsen the global burden of myopia? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020 Sep;258(9):2069-2070. doi: 10.1007/s00417-020-04728-2. Epub 2020 May 4. PMID: 32367286; PMCID: PMC7197632.
  4. Gunardi TH, Barliana, JD, Victor A, Budianti A. The Effect of Near-work Activity Time to The Incidence of Myopia in Children.. J Kedokteran Indonesia. 2020 Aug; 8(2):137-142.
  5. Sumitha M, Sanjay S, Kemmanu V, Bhanumathi MR, Shetty R. Will COVID-19 pandemic-associated lockdown increase myopia in Indian children? Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020 Jul;68(7):1496. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1443_20. PMID: 32587217; PMCID: PMC7574122.
  6. McCrann S, Loughman J, Butler JS, Paudel N, Flitcroft DI. Smartphone use as a possible risk factor for myopia. Clin Exp Optom. 2020 May 25. doi: 10.1111/cxo.13092. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32452059.
  7. Enthoven CA, Tideman JWL, Polling JR, Yang-Huang J, Raat H, Klaver CCW. The impact of computer use on myopia development in childhood: The Generation R study. Prev Med. 2020 Mar;132:105988. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.105988. Epub 2020 Jan 15. PMID: 31954142.
  8. Lanca C, Saw SM. The association between digital screen time and myopia: A systematic review. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2020 Mar;40(2):216-229. doi: 10.1111/opo.12657. Epub 2020 Jan 13. PMID: 31943280.
  9. Yang GY, Huang LH, Schmid KL, Li CG, Chen JY, He GH, Liu L, Ruan ZL, Chen WQ. Associations Between Screen Exposure in Early Life and Myopia amongst Chinese Preschoolers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 7;17(3):1056. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17031056. PMID: 32046062; PMCID: PMC7037286.
  10. 12  Torii H, Kurihara T, Seko Y, Negishi K, Ohnuma K, Inaba T, Kawashima M, Jiang X, Kondo S, Miyauchi M, Miwa Y, Katada Y, Mori K,
    Kato K, Tsubota K, Goto H, Oda M, Hatori M, Tsubota K. Violet Light Exposure Can Be a Preventive Strategy Against Myopia
    Progression. EBioMedicine. 2017 Feb; 15: 210-219.
  11. Torii H. Violet light exposure can be a preventive strategy against myopia progression. EBio Medicine. 2017; 15: 210-219.

Visual Assessment in Preparation for Online Learning

  1. Evans, B., Stevenson, S. 2008. ‘The pattern glare test: a review and determination of normative values. Ophthal. Physiol.
    Opt. 28: 295-309.
  2. Griffiths, G. et al. 2017. ‘The comparative rate of reading speed test – Introducing a reading speed test to measure the rate of individual character recognition or tracking speed.’ Contact www.svuk.info.
  3. Griffiths, G., et al. 2017. ‘The effect of optical and prismatic correction on the rate of individual character recognition.’  Pending publication. Contact www.svuk.info.
  4. Mohan A, Sen P, Shah C, Jain E, Jain S. Prevalence and risk factor assessment of digital eye strain among children using online e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Digital eye strain among kids (DESK study-1). Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021 Jan;69(1):140-144. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2535_20. PMID: 33323599.
  5. Vagge A, Giannaccare G, Scarinci F, Cacciamani A, Pellegrini M, Bernabei F, Scorcia V, Traverso CE, Bruzzichessi D. Acute Acquired Concomitant Esotropia From Excessive Application of Near Vision During the COVID-19 Lockdown. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020 Oct 20;57:e88-e91. doi: 10.3928/01913913-20200828-01. Erratum in: J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020 Nov 1;57(6):408. PMID: 33090234.
  6. Toh SH, Coenen P, Howie EK, Smith AJ, Mukherjee S, Mackey DA, et al. A prospective longitudinal study of mobile touch screen device use and musculoskeletal symptoms and visual health in adolescents. Applied ergonomics [Internet]. 2020 May [cited 2021 Jan 26];85:103028.
  7. Rai-Roche S. Lack of hard evidence on screen time prevents action. Optician. 2019 Feb 1; 259(6687): 6-7.
  8. Lissak G. Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study. Environ Res. 2018 Jul;164:149-157. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.015. Epub 2018 Feb 27. PMID:29499467.
  9. Gowrisankaran, S. & Sheedy, J. E. Computer vision syndrome: A review. Work 52, 303-314, doi:10.3233/WOR-152162 (2015).
  10. Lee HS, Park SW, Heo H. Acute acquired comitant esotropia related to excessive Smartphone use, BMC Ophthalmol. 2016; 16: 37.
  11. Moon JH, Kim KW, Moon NJ. Smartphone use is a risk factor for pediatric dry eye disease according to region and age: a case control study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2016 Oct 28;16(1):188.
  12. Segui, M. D. et al. (2015). ‘A reliable and valid questionnaire was developed to measure computer vision syndrome at the workplace.’ Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(6): 662-73. 

Enhancement of Vision for Online Learning

  1. Winterbottom, M., Wilkins, A. 2007. ‘Lighting and visual discomfort in the classroom.’ Journal of Environmental Psychology 29: 63-75.
  2. Li, X., Atkins, M. 2004. ‘Early childhood computer experience and cognitive and motor development.’ Pediatrics 113(6): 1715-22.
  3. Griffiths, G. et al. 2017. ‘The comparative rate of reading speed test – Introducing a reading speed test to measure the rate of individual character recognition or tracking speed.’ Contact www.svuk.info.
  4. Elveru E. Q: Could all this extra screen time—for both school and fun—damage my kid’s vision? Parents [Internet]. 2020 Oct [cited 2021 Jan 26];95(10):21.
  5. Coutinho KL, Shirodkar S, Rathod A. Tech-imprisonment in post.millennials: A boon or bane in the COVID-19 era? Indian journal of ophthalmology [Internet]. 2020 Nov [cited 2021 Jan 26];68(11):2628–9.
  6. Twa MD. COVID-19 Pandemic-driven Innovations in Optometric Education. Optom Vis Sci. 2020 Oct;97(10):831-832. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001605. PMID: 33109945.
  7. Zhao Y, Guo Y, Xiao Y, Zhu R, Sun W, Huang W, et al. The Effects of Online Homeschooling on Children, Parents, and Teachers of Grades 1-9 During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research [Internet]. 2020 Sep 12 [cited 2021 Jan 26];26:e925591.
  8. Venkatasubramian K, Ranasubramanian A. Electronic Device Use in The Time of COVID-19 Rev Ophthalmol. 2020 Jul; 27(7): 12,14-15.
  9. Bennett T. Optometrists warn about digital eye strain during COVID-19 quarantine. Prim Care Optom News Primary Care Optometry News 2020 May/Jun; 25(3): 4.
  10. Wang G, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhang J, Jiang F. Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet. 2020 Mar 21;395(10228):945-947. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30547-X. Epub 2020 Mar 4. PMID: 32145186; PMCID: PMC7124694.
  11. Lissak G. Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study. Environ Res. 2018 Jul;164:149-157. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.015. Epub 2018 Feb 27. PMID:29499467.
  12. Rechichi C, De Mojà G, Aragona P. Video Game Vision Syndrome: A New Clinical Picture in Children? J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2017 Nov 1;54(6):346-355. doi: 10.3928/01913913-20170510-01. Epub 2017 Aug 29. PMID: 28850642.
  13. 6  Evans, B. J. W., Allen, P.M. A systematic review of controlled trials on visual stress using Intuitive Overlays or the Intuitive Colorimeter.
    Journal of Optometry 9, 205-218 (2016).
  14. 11  Winterbottom, M. & Wilkins, A. Lighting and visual discomfort in the classroom. J. Environ. Psychology 29, 63-75 (2007).
  15.  Jaschinski W, Luttmann A, Jäger M: Effect of Head Inclination on Neck Muscular Activity, Tracking Performance and Subjective Neck Strain: Visual and Biomechanical Conditions for Designing the Computer Workstation p. 223-238 In: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016, In: B. Deml et al. (eds.), Advances in Ergonomic Design of Systems, Products and Processes
  16. 4  Jaschinski W, König M, Lobisch, Reiffen C (2017) Better seeing and working at the computer. Website http://ergonomic-vision.ifado.
  17. 2  Paudel S, Leavy J, Jancey J. Correlates of mobile screen media use among children aged 0–8: protocol for a systematic review,
    Systematic Reviews. 2016, 5: 91.
  18. 13  Li X, Atkins MS. Early childhood computer experience and cognitive and motor development. Pediatrics. 2004 Jun;113(6):1715-22.
  19. 3  Bucci, M.P., Bremond-Gignac, D., and Kapoula, Z. (2008). Poor binocular coordination of saccades in dyslexic children, Graefe’s Archive of Clinical Experimental Ophthalmology, 246, 417-428.
  20. 6  Dusek, W., Pierscionek, B.K., and McClelland, J.F. (2010). A survey of visual function in an Austrian population of school-age children with reading and writing difficulties. BMC Ophthalmology, 10(16), 1-10.
  21. 7  Goldstand, S., Koslowe, K.C., and parush, S. (2005). Vision, visual-information processing, and aca-demic performance among seventh-grade schoolchildren: A more significant relationship than we thought? The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 59(4), 377-389.
  22. Hale L, Guan S. Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. Sleep Med Rev. 2015; 21:50-58
  23. WingLeung T, et al. Blue-Light Filtering Spectacle Lenses: Optical and Clinical Performances. PLoS One. 2017; 3;12:e0169114.
  24. Segui, M. D. et al. (2015). ‘A reliable and valid questionnaire was developed to measure computer vision syndrome at the workplace.’ Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(6): 662-73.

Visual Ergonomics and Electronic Media

  1. Paudel S., Leavy, J., Jancey, J. 2016. ‘Correlates of mobile screen media use among children aged 0–8: protocol for a systematic
    review.’ Systematic Reviews 5: 91. Winterbottom, M., Wilkins, A. 2007. ‘Lighting and visual discomfort in the classroom.’
  2. Journal of Environmental Psychology 29: 63-75. Li, X., Atkins, M. 2004. ‘Early childhood computer experience and cognitive and motor development.’ Pediatrics 113(6): 1715-22.
  3. Hunting, W., et al. (1991). ‘Postural and visual loads at VDT workplaces.’ Ergonomics 24: 917-931.
  4. O’Hagan, J., et al. 2016. ‘Low-energy light bulbs, computers, tablets and the blue light hazard.’ Eye 30: 230-233.
  5. Jaschinski, W. ‘The eyes at work: Visual ergonomics from research to application.’ Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment
    and Human Factors, Technical University of Dortmund, Germany.
  6. Toh SH, Coenen P, Howie EK, Smith AJ, Mukherjee S, Mackey DA, et al. A prospective longitudinalstudy of mobile touch screen device use and musculoskeletal symptoms and visual health in adolescents. Applied ergonomics [Internet]. 2020 May [cited 2021 Jan 26];85:103028.
  7. Wang G, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhang J, Jiang F. Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet. 2020 Mar 21;395(10228):945-947. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30547-X. Epub 2020 Mar 4. PMID: 32145186; PMCID: PMC7124694.
  8. Lissak G. Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study. Environ Res. 2018 Jul;164:149-157. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.015. Epub 2018 Feb 27. PMID:29499467.
  9. 8  Lambooij, M., Fortuin, M., Ijsselsteijn, W., Evans, B. & Heynderickx, I. Measuring visual fatigue and visual discomfort associated with
    3-D displays. Journal of the Society for Information Display 18, 931-943 (2010). 
  10. 11  Winterbottom, M. & Wilkins, A. Lighting and visual discomfort in the classroom. J. Environ. Psychology 29, 63-75 (2007).
  11.  Jaschinski W, Luttmann A, Jäger M: Effect of Head Inclination on Neck Muscular Activity, Tracking Performance and Subjective Neck Strain: Visual and Biomechanical Conditions for Designing the Computer Workstation p. 223-238 In: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016, In: B. Deml et al. (eds.), Advances in Ergonomic Design of Systems, Products and Processes
  12. 4  Jaschinski W, König M, Lobisch, Reiffen C (2017) Better seeing and working at the computer. Website http://ergonomic-vision.ifado.
  13. 5  König M, Haensel C, Jaschinski W: How to place the computer monitor: measurements of vertical zones of clear vision with
    presbyopic corrections. Clin Exp Optom 98: 244-253 (2015)
  14. 8  Meinert M, König M, Jaschinski W: Web-based office ergonomics intervention on work-related complaints: a field study.
    Ergonomics 56: 1658-1668 (2013)
  15. 9  Weidling P, Jaschinski W: The vertical monitor position for presbyopic computer users with progressive lenses: how to reach
    clear vision and comfortable head posture. Ergonomics 58 (11): 1813-1829 (2015)
  16. O’Hagan J, et al. Low-energy light bulbs, computers, tablets and the blue light hazard. Eye (Lond). 2016; 30: 230-233.
    Segui, M. D. et al. (2015). ‘A reliable and valid questionnaire was developed to measure computer vision syndrome at the workplace.’ Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(6): 662-73.

 

Computer Vision Syndrome

Its Treatment and the Computer Vision Syndrome Scale
  1. Winterbottom, M., Wilkins, A. 2007. ‘Lighting and visual discomfort in the classroom.’ Journal of Environmental Psychology 29: 63-75. Pending publication. Contact www.svuk.info.
  2. Elveru E. Q: Could all this extra screen time—for both school and fun—damage my kid’s vision? Parents [Internet]. 2020 Oct [cited 2021 Jan 26];95(10):21.
  3. Mohan A, Sen P, Shah C, Jain E, Jain S. Prevalence and risk factor assessment of digital eye strain among children using online e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Digital eye strain among kids (DESK study-1). Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021 Jan;69(1):140-144. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2535_20. PMID: 33323599.
  4. Ganne P, Najeeb S, Chaitanya G, Sharma A, Krishnappa NC. Digital Eye Strain Epidemic amid COVID-19 Pandemic – A Cross-sectional Survey. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2020 Dec 28:1-8. doi: 10.1080/09286586.2020.1862243. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33369521.
  5. Bhattacharya S, Saleem SM, Singh A. Digital eye strain in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: An emerging public health threat. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020 Aug;68(8):1709-1710. doi: 0.4103/ijo.IJO_1782_20. PMID: 32709833; PMCID: PMC7640814.
  6. Bennett T. Optometrists warn about digital eye strain during COVID-19 quarantine. Prim Care Optom News Primary Care Optometry News 2020 May/Jun; 25(3): 4.
  7. Jaiswal S, Asper L, Long J, Lee A, Harrison K, Golebiowski B. Ocular and visual discomfort associated with smartphones, tablets and computers: what we do and do not know. Clin Exp Optom. 2019 Sep;102(5):463-477. doi: 10.1111/cxo.12851. Epub 2019 Jan 21. PMID: 30663136.
  8. Hall L, Coles-Brennan C. More screen time = more digital eye strain. Contact Lens Spectr. 2015 Jun; 30(6): 38-40, 55.
  9. Gowrisankaran, S. & Sheedy, J. E. Computer vision syndrome: A review. Work 52, 303-314, doi:10.3233/WOR-152162 (2015).
  10. Sheedy, J., Hayes, J. & Engle, J. Is all asthenopia the same? Optom. Vis. Sci 81, 732-739 (2003).
  11. Winterbottom, M. & Wilkins, A. Lighting and visual discomfort in the classroom. J. Environ. Psychology 29, 63-75 (2007).
  12. Jaschinski W, Luttmann A, Jäger M: Effect of Head Inclination on Neck Muscular Activity, Tracking Performance and Subjective Neck Strain: Visual and Biomechanical Conditions for Designing the Computer Workstation p. 223-238 In: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016, In: B. Deml et al. (eds.), Advances in Ergonomic Design of Systems, Products and Processes
  13. Khalaj M., Ebrahimi M., Shojai P., Bagherzadeh R., Sadeghi T., & Ghalenoei M., Computer Vision Syndrome in Eleven to Eighteen-Year-Old Students in Qazvin, Biotechnology and Health Sciences. 2015, 2(3): e28234.
  14. Brenk-Krakowska A, Jankowska M. Wpływ urządzeń elektronicznych na widzenie u dzieci – możliwe dolegliwości i ich potencjalne
    przyczyny (Impact of digital devices on children vision – symptoms and potential causes. Article in Polish, Optyka. 2017, 4(47): 36-42.
  15. Hu L, Yan Z, Ye T, Lu F, Xu P, Chen H. Differences in children and adolescents’ ability of reporting two CVS-related visual problems.
    Ergonomics. 2013; 56(10): 1546-57.
  16. Alves M, Dias AC, Rocha EM. Dry eye in childhood: epidemiological and clinical aspects. Ocul Surf. 2008; 6(1): 44-51.
  17. Moon JH, Kim KW, Moon NJ. Smartphone use is a risk factor for pediatric dry eye disease according to region and age: a case control study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2016 Oct 28;16(1):188.
  18. Segui, M. D. et al. (2015). ‘A reliable and valid questionnaire was developed to measure computer vision syndrome at the workplace.’ Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(6): 662-73.

Digital Performance Lenses and the Concern Regarding “Blue Light”

  1. Hatori, M., et al. 2017. ‘Global rise of potential health hazards caused by blue light-induced circadian disruption in modern aging societies.’ NPJ Aging Mech Dis. 3: 9.
  2. O’Hagan, J., et al. 2016. ‘Low-energy light bulbs, computers, tablets and the blue light hazard.’ Eye 30: 230-233.
  3. Margrain, T., et al. 2004. ‘Do blue light filters confer protection against age-related macular degeneration? Prog. Retin.
    Eye Res. 23: 523-531.
  4. Margrain T, et al. Do Blue Light filters confer protection against Age-Related Macular Degeneration? Progress in Retinal and
    Eye Research. 2004; 23: 523-531.
  5. lgvere P, et al. Age-Related maculopathy and the impact of blue light hazard. Acta Ophtalmol Scand.2006; 84: 4-15.
  6. O’Hagan J, et al. Low-energy light bulbs, computers, tablets and the blue light hazard. Eye (Lond). 2016; 30: 230-233.
  7. Kaido M, et al. Reducing Short-Wavelength Blue Light in Dry Eye Patients with Unstable Tear Film Improves Performance
    on Test Visual Acuity, PLoS ONE. 2016; 11(4): e0152936. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone,0152936.
  8. Kiser A, et al. Visual function and performance with blue-light blocking filters in age-related macular degeneration.
    Clin exp Ophthalm. 2008; 36: 514-520.
  9. Hatori M, et al. Global rise of potential health hazards caused by blue light-induced circadian disruption in modern aging societies.
    NPJ Aging Mech Dis. 2017; 16: 3:9.
  10. Oh J, et al. Analysis of circadian properties and healthy levels of blue light from smartphones at night.
    Sci Rep. 2015; 18;5:11325. doi: 10.1038/srep11325.
  11. Chang A, et al. Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015; 27;112:1232-1237.
  12. Hale L, Guan S. Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. Sleep Med Rev. 2015; 21:50-58
  13. Nishi T. The effect of blue-blocking intraocular lenses on circadian biological rhythm: protocol for a randomised controlled trial (CLOCK-IOL colour study). BMJ Open. 2015; 12;5:e007930. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007930.
  14. Hammond B. Attenuating photostress and glare disability in pseudophakic patients through the addition of a short-wave absorbing filter. J Ophthalmol. 2015;2015:607635. doi: 10.1155/2015/607635. Epub 2015 Mar 9.
  15. Lawrenson JG, Hull CC & Downie LE. The effect of blue-light blocking spectacle lenses on visual performance, macular health
    and the sleep-wake cycle: a systematic review of the literature. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2017; 37: 644-654.
  16. Downie LE. Blue-light filtering ophthalmic lenses: to prescribe, or not to prescribe?
    Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2017; 37(6):640-643.¬
  17. WingLeung T, et al. Blue-Light Filtering Spectacle Lenses: Optical and Clinical Performances. PLoS One. 2017; 3;12:e0169114.
  18. Ide T, et al. Effect of Blue-Light reducing Eye Glasses on Critical Flicker Frequency. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2015; 4:80-85.
  19. Lin JB, et al. Short-Wavelength Light-Blocking Eyeglasses Attenuate Symptoms of Eye Fatigue.
    Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017; 58(1):442-447.
  20. The Vision Council (2017). Digital Eye Strain Report. Retrieved from www.thevisioncouncil.org/content/blue-light-exposure- and-digital-eye-strain/adults. Accessed 13 March 2017.